Define the principle of non-maleficence in criminal justice ethics and provide a policing example.

• A. Non-maleficence means avoiding harm; example: not using excessive force or deceptive interrogation tactics.
• B. Non-maleficence means always maximizing outcomes regardless of harm.
• C. Non-maleficence requires always telling the truth to everyone.
• D. Non-maleficence is about ensuring the greatest good for the greatest number.

Answer: (A)

Non-maleficence means avoiding harm to others in your actions. In policing, this translates to decisions and conduct that minimize the risk of harm to suspects, victims, and the public. It emphasizes using force only when necessary and proportionate, prioritizing de-escalation, and avoiding coercive or deceptive practices that could cause psychological or reputational damage. An example is choosing not to use excessive force and refraining from deceptive interrogation tactics, because such actions would inflict harm or erode trust rather than protect anyone.

The other ideas describe different ethical approaches. Maximizing outcomes regardless of harm aligns with a focus on overall results rather than on preventing harm; insisting on always telling the truth to everyone reflects veracity as a separate principle; and the greatest good for the greatest number is a utilitarian view. Non-maleficence is specifically about not causing harm, which is why the example that highlights avoiding harm is the best fit.