Which statement best distinguishes discriminatory bias from disparate impact in criminal justice practice?

• A. Discriminatory bias involves intentional prejudice; disparate impact involves neutral policies with unjustified adverse effects.
• B. Discriminatory bias is unintentional; disparate impact requires proof of intent.
• C. They are the same concept.
• D. Discriminatory bias results only from systemic factors, not individual choices.

Answer: (A)